Hplc Profiling of Stem Bark Crude Extract of Swietenia Mahagoni and their Pharmacological Importance In Bph Management
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Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH, is a condition characterised by progressive prostate enlargement and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in ageing men. Orthodox drugs such as α‑blockers and 5α‑reductase inhibitors are effective but limited by adverse effects, particularly sexual dysfunction. This study was to screen the bioactive compound in ethanol stem bark crude extract of Swietenia mahagoni using HPLC. A total of 23 compounds were detected; including phytosterols, flavonoids, limonoids, alkaloids and sesquiterpenes which are known to be candidates in BPH and related disorders mangements. Current evidence strongly supports stigmasterol and β‑sitosterol as the most advanced candidates, as both inhibit 5α‑reductase, reduce dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androgen receptor (AR) expression, relieve prostatic smooth muscle contraction, and induce apoptosis β‑sitosterol. Among flavonoids, quercetin, kaempferol and epicatechin gallate has been reported as potential anti‑hyperplastic effects through 5α‑reductase inhibition, Nrf2 modulation and anti‑inflammatory actions. The limonoids swietenine and swietenolide activate Nrf2/HO‑1 and suppress NF‑κB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. Several compounds – lucenin, rhamnetin, swietephragmin H, melionine, germacrene D, swietmahonin, swiettenitin and oxalic acid,lack direct BPH evidenc. We propose a translational roadmap that prioritises stigmasterol for early clinical trials, validates swietenine and swietenolide in testosterone‑induced BPH rodents, and develops rational multi‑compound formulations targeting hormonal, inflammatory and oxidative pathways.
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